Early Detection & Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Why should I screen my child for type 1 diabetes?

A simple blood test can identify type 1 diabetes (T1D) in its earliest stages, before symptoms appear. If T1D is caught early, we may be able to slow its progression and delay the need for insulin therapy.

At UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, we offer a first-of-its-kind immunotherapy called teplizumab (Tzield). This medication slows the development of T1D by calming the immune system and helping the pancreas produce insulin for longer.

What are the stages of type 1 diabetes?

T1D develops gradually over three stages:

• Stage 1: Early immune system changes. The immune system begins destroying beta cells, insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Although patients don't notice symptoms yet, we can detect this stage with a blood test for autoantibodies. These proteins signal that the immune system is attacking insulin-producing cells. Autoantibodies are often found in patients with type 1 diabetes but not with type 2 diabetes.

• Stage 2: Abnormal blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels rise into the prediabetes range, but diabetes symptoms still haven't appeared. Treatment at this stage can delay the need for insulin therapy.

• Stage 3: Appearance of symptoms. As the body makes less insulin, symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination and weight loss start to emerge. At this stage, most patients need insulin therapy.

Who should be screened for T1D?

If your child has a close relative with type 1 diabetes, a positive autoantibody test or blood sugar levels above the normal range, we recommend screening and follow-up care.

Early T1D detection and management can make a lasting difference in your child's health.

Learn more about pediatric diabetes management and care at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals.